Social Media And Its Effects On The Lives Of Isis s...

center dedicated to producing high-quality propaganda videos.† Social media’s circulation of these propaganda videos means that they continue to show up in news feeds of people who have liked relevant pages or are friends with supporters or members. These individuals will be influenced more easily and are more likely to sympathize with what they are seeing since they have previously shown an interest in ISIS and in related groups. This use of social media is a method that is beyond the strategical scope of the people fighting ISIS, especially the many government agencies trying to combat ISIS. This use of newer technology also makes use of the role that technology plays in the lives of ISIS’ recruitment demographic. The young people that ISIS is focused on bringing in are the group that makes the most use of social media and are the ones for whom social media both is an integral part of their lives and their main source of information. Where in the past the news m ay have reached someone by a newspaper or the evening news on television, now information and current events are available and transmitted through the internet, and now increasingly, viewed on social media. The 24 hours news cycle has news being created constantly, however with the growth and expansion of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, internet users are increasingly getting their news from their Facebook Timelines and Twitter feeds rather than through news sites. This means that instead of justShow MoreRelatedPorters Five Forces in Beer Market75399 Words   |  302 Pages Finance and risk 46 52 FINANCIAL REVIEW RISK MANAGEMENT Corporate matters 56 58 64 CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION Financial statements 68 169 70 140 CARLSBERG GROUP PARENT COMPANY CARLSBERG A/S 170 171 172 MANAGEMENT STATEMENT AUDITORS’ REPORT BOARD OF DIRECTORS This report is provided in Danish and in English. In case of any discrepancy between the two versions, the Danish wording shall apply. 4 Management review: CEO statement Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIntelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision at Baxter Manufacturing Company CASE STUDY III-3 ERP Purchase Decision

The Benefits of Causal Analysis Essay Topics

The Benefits of Causal Analysis Essay Topics In case some misunderstanding occurs, you should talk with your teacher. Obviously, it might be any variety of explanations. You may even fail the class. There are lots of formats of write up and you have to understand the fundamental differences about them so you can write whatever you've been requested to write. You may run into a couple of samples and potential ideas for topics. Once you get your subject, you want to set your ideas in the appropriate format. Besides, for each sort of writing, you can come across various examples in our database. Strong papers begin with a unique type of knowledge. Vicious spirals and virtuous circles Circular cause contributes to exponential increases or decreases that are extremely hard to interrupt. Whatever method you use to select your analytical research topic, be certain that you don't let ambition carry you apart. If you want to help your son or daughter understand how causal relationships work, you can discover some helpful cause and effect worksheets here. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a very good cause and effect essay topic. Take your time to thoroughly examine our cause and effect topics list till you locate a prompt that you're excited to write about. While describing a health problem such as some sort of disease, it's possible to include many results. You may be angry or frustrated, but there might be long-term effects too, including a potential increase in blood pressure. The Birth of Causal Analysis Essay Topics There are a lot of essay topics that you may select from. There are a great deal of topics to choose at and dissect. From the analytical essay topics list that you could see below, you'll find interesting topics you can use as a foundation for your very own analytical essay. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. There are quite a lot of approaches to compose an essay so you'll hardly locate an all-included recipe for a great many essay occasions. If you prefer essay help, we're constantly well prepared to deal with the challenge! The very first step is to choose a suitable topic when you're creating an essay on Literature. Still, even when you have been assigned with a topic that's either boring or challenging for you, there's always a chance to find help writing an analytical essay. Though a causal analysis can be written on numerous topics, it might be a little difficult to come across the topics which actually contain high effect. Writing a causal analysis essay is little different from preparing a standard paper. Once you have decided on the subject, you should make sure your causal analysis essay follows a particular pattern, like the thesis statement, introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Topics for a cause and effect essay can be found on the internet, or you may brainstorm with a friend and see what you could work out but naturally, it is also possible to find online strategies on writing papers for college. Explain your thoughts about the issue and the measures you've taken to date. You may always write a great cause and effect essay on the several fields of music. When you would like to create a fantastic cause and effect essay for co llege, acquiring an engaging topic you should know you could have fun too! Cause and effect essay have many sub-types. Typically, it's paper's very first body paragraph. Below, you'll discover a list of interesting and unusual topics that you might utilize to create an outstanding paper. A decent argumentative topic must be chosen which can be analyzed and place through lens of cause-and-effect thinking. Be certain to sketch out an outline before you begin writing the very first draft of your outline. Kibin editors are content to help review your paper. The list below should help you become motivated and begin your writing at the same time. 20 writing prompts provided below can help you start your brainstorming, so don't hesitate to use any as your inspiration. Individuals have the opinion it owns negative impacts on kids and social development while some folks claim that divorce is a pure phenomenon in your life. Consequently, divorce is the thing that comes as a solution. The social issues associated with sports ought to be the obligation of the sports management and not players. You find someone and immediately understand that you'll be together.

Music Therapy vs antidepressants when treating depression Essay Example For Students

Music Therapy vs antidepressants when treating depression Essay The harmful side effects of antidepressants. 3. The effectiveness of Music Therapy. 4. Getting Music Therapy covered by health care and monogenic epilepsy. (Transition) Lets start by looking at the effectiveness of antidepressants. II. Body (sentences in body should be complete sentences) A. Pro/For 1: Antidepressants are effective in reducing depressive symptoms. 1. Antidepressants are meant to create a floor to how low/depressed one can notionally become. 2. According to an (April 1 1, 2012, article on Discovers Fit and Health by Bobbie Hassling) Low levels of the neurotransmitters of the brain called serotonin and morphogenesis are associated with depression and sadness. Antidepressants help by bringing the levels of serotonin and morphogenesis up, creating a happier mood. (Transition) Now lets look at the cons B. Con/Against: Antidepressants can cause harmful side effects. 1. In an (article on helped. Org, in January 2014, Melinda Smith) says they can cause insomnia, eight gain, decreased sex drive, diarrhea and constipation among other side effects and can be serious enough for patients to stop taking antidepressants. 2. (Dry. John Gomez, professor of Psychology at Our Lady of The Lake University/Expert Testimony) explains that, and I quote, Antidepressants could help patients gain their energy, but their negative thoughts could still be lingering and now they have enough energy to go forth with suicide. Transition) Another treatment for depression is Music Therapy Music Therapy vs.. Antidepressants when treating depression By Greensville . Moonrise Gonzales, a Music Therapist, Board Certified/Expert Testimony) Music Therapy is the evidence based use of music therapy to achieve therapeutic goals administered by a qualified therapist. Music Therapy is non-invasive and has no side effects. There is no music center in the brain, therefore, music is processe d all over the brain which lets it bypass anything that is damaged and could even recreate it. For example, if a patient had a stroke and their Broochs area (part of the brain that controls speech) is damaged, the Music Therapist can use songs from the patients nouns adult years that they loved which will let them use their memory to sing them and treat the speech area of the brain indirectly. (Example) 2. Music Therapy affects a steep rise in the levels of serotonin which influences mood, which is why music therapy is often used to treat anxiety and depression disorders. (Transition) Some cons of Music Therapy are E. Con/Against 2: Music Therapy can be difficult to get approved by healthcare and could cause Monogenic Epilepsy. 1. Musical Therapy does not have its own CAP code when it comes to health care. On February 2012, Margaret Rouse of Searchlight) explains that a Current Procedural Terminology (CAP) code is used to report medical procedures and services to physicians or health insurance companies. CAP codes can be borrowed from a Physical Therapy CAP code, for example, but it can still be hard to get it approved. 2. According to (Rolando Benzene, in his 1981 book, Music Therapy Manual, Monogenic Epilepsy is a rare condition that can be cause by some music or sounds and it can cause fainting spells, absent mindedness, paleness and incoherent comments. Transition) As we have seen there are several ways to treat depression. We covered Ill. Conclusion A. Summary of Main Points 1 . The effective ways in which antidepressants can reduce depression. 2. The side effects of antidepressants. 3. How music Music Therapy can help with depression. 4. The difficulties on getting Music Therapy approved by healthcare. B. I hope that now you can understand the pros and cons of using Music Therapy or antidepressants to treat depression. C. Whether you choose Music Therapy or antidepressants, do not let depression take over and make you feel worth less and hopeless.

Unit 205 Schools as organisations free essay sample

State schools are run by the local authority, children can start school from the age of 4 years to 17 years old, those schools are free they are funded by the local authority and taxes. There are four types of state schools which are funded by the local authorities : Community schools Foundations and Trust schools Voluntary schools Specialist schools Independent schools Academies Free schools Each key stage consist on a range of school Years, there are many within the key stage Early years foundation stage covers the age of 3 to 5which its call Reception, Key stage 1 applies to children of the age 5 to 7 years which are year 1 to 2, Key stage 2 applies from the age of 7 to 11 which are years 3 to 6, Key stage 3 applies to age of 11 to 14 which are years 7 to 9, Key stage 4 applies to age of 14 to 17 which are years 10 to 12. Nursery schools are for children of age 3 and 4, Primary schools cater for children of age 4 to 11, Secondary schools cater for children age 11 to 17 which will be change in 2014 at the age of 18years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 205 Schools as organisations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurseries and Nursery Classes provide early learning and child care for young children age 3 to 4 years, Nurseries have normally their own head teacher and staff where Nursery Classes are attached to the primary school and they have the some head teacher and staff as the school. Community schools are run by the local authority which employs school staff owns the land and buildings, and sets the entrance criteria, pupils have to follow the national curriculum. On those schools normally we can also find the facilities for adult education and childcare, within the Community schools they have Primary and Secondary schools. Foundation schools are run by a governing body which employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria, the governing owns the land and buildings or sometimes could also be a charitable foundation. Trust schools are very similar but run together with an outside body business or charity. They are required to teach the national curriculum those schools are both Primary and Secondary schools. Voluntary schools; there are 2 types of voluntary schools: Aided schools are mainly religious or faith schools, the governing body employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. School buildings and the land are usually owned by a charity which quiet often it’s a church, those are Primary and Secondary schools. Controlled schools are similar to voluntary aided school, the school is funded by the local education authority, they provide support services, and pupils have to follow the national curriculum. The land and buildings are owned by a charity. Controlled schools are mainly Secondary schools. Specialist schools are often secondary schools those schools normally aim to extend opportunities available to pupils to help them with their needs and interest like: Arts, business and enterprise, humanities languages, music, sports and technology. The schools are funded by the local authority and those are Secondary schools. Independent schools don’t have to follow the national curriculum and the admissions policy is determined by the head teacher along with the governing body, those schools are not maintained by the local authority and are independent of their finances the governing body is responsible for the day to day running of the school and the school is funded by fees paid by parents and also sometimes by charitable trust funds. The head teacher with the help of the governing body employs the staff. Independent schools are both Primary and Secondary schools. Academies are independently- managed schools, they have more freedom from local authority control the ability to set their own pay and conditions for the staff, freedom how to deliver the curriculum and they can also change the lengths of terms and the school days. Academies schools are direct funded by the Department for Education but they are independent from local government, the governing body employs the staff, they are required t o have at least two parent governors. Within Academies we can find Primary and Secondary schools. Free schools are normally a new school which is set up due to the local response what local people say in order to improve education for the children in the community, teachers, charities, community groups and a group of parents help the procedure, they are state funded schools, all admissions must be fair schools are expected to be open to children of all abilities for the area. Free schools are both Primary and Secondary schools. The school governors must have a chair and a vice-chair and there should be at least one parent governor, one staff governor and the head teacher. There are many different types of governors, authority, foundation, partnership and sponsor governors. Their responsibilities are to set targets for pupil achievements, managing the school finances, reviewing staff performance and pay. The school senior management team works very close with the head teacher, normally its made up of more experience staff within the management positions, they meet at least once a week or sometimes on more regular, they discuss how information is given to teachers and support staff, make decisions concerning the running of the school. Every primary school will have a Senco (Special Educational Needs Coordinator) they are responsible for overseeing that policy is in place and follow on the daily basis working together with the teachers, advising and helping when necessary to make sure that all records are correctly and in place. Ensuring that relevant background information about individuals with special needs is available recorded and updated. They also help with internal training for other staff like teachers and support teachers, to communicate and consult with parents. Foundation stage manager are responsible for Nursery and Reception been run properly as per requirements of the statutory, they have to make sure all training, observations and assessments are correctly in place and recorded and up to date. To make sure that all staff are trained as per requirements. Teachers role is to plan, prepare and deliver lessons to access record and report on the development and progress to communicate and consult with parents. Teachers responsibilities are to help pupils improve their education for the future, to identify emotional, intellectual, physical issues, to present a caring but professional approach to the children. To show respect and teach them to respect others. Teachers have normally another area of responsibility in the school e.g. a subject area which the teacher will be responsible to represent. Support staff provides a service to the whole school from the day to day office support to financial and business management. The following are some of the positions of the support staff: Learning support staff they work with the teachers in the classroom helping pupils with their progress in learning Administrative staff those provide backup services for the whole school Welfare and pupil support are responsible for the welfare of pupils outside the classroom at the break, lunchtime. Specialist and technical staff they are available in schools Site staff those include caretakers, cleaners, caterers and site managers, they ensure a clean, safe, tidy school environment and they provide meals at lunch time. Learning mentors and parent support reading and helping pupils. There are various range of external professionals which works close with the schools on a regular basis, the following are some of the positions available: Educational psychologist Specialist teachers Education welfare officer School improvement partner Physiotherapist Educational psychologist-most schools will have one person allocated to the school through SEO (special educational needs department) they work direct with children which includes assessing their learning and sometimes emotional needs by using various methods such as interviews and observations. Interventions are then put into place to develop the child which is experience problems. Specialist Teachers- are qualified teachers that work with children with speech, language and communication difficulties such as autism, they go to the schools to help and support children with various needs, they identify suitable resources and materials, monitor the progress of the children. They support therapy programmes if necessary, w orking together with the speech and language therapist and teachers at the school. Speech and language therapist- They work with parents to identify if a child has speech, language difficulties, communication and eating issues, they will assess any problems that children may have or can impact at the school, they will then decide how can the child be helped how to reach their full communication potential. They work closely with children, parents and the teachers accordingly to the national and local priorities. Education welfare officer works with schools children and families to resolve any issues of poor attendance. Their role is to meet with the Head Teacher, school staff, pupils and parents to identify issues and solve them when possible. To advise parents about their legal responsibilities and to help them tom receive any benefits they might be entitle to. They will also make home visits where required and help arranging alternative education for children who are excluded from the schools. School Improvement Partner will visit the school to advise and support the Head Teacher a SIP (school improvement partner) will have previous experience as Head teacher, local authority and education consultant. They focus on evaluations and support, arrange training and have a five day allocation within a year. Provide an objective review of the school’s performance, discuss the school’s targets and priorities for the coming year. They challenge the school where necessary and provide advice and guidance to the governing body. Physiotherapist/Occupational therapist- they are responsible for the planning, delivery and evaluation of various programmes and they also help to promote the child physical potential. There are many ways where this can be done, by assessment, group work and physical education. They also work close to other areas in the schools, they encourage teachers who have similar jobs in the schools to meet up and discuss their practice and ideas this helps teachers with similar expertise.

#8220;Expository Essay Sample on Nature Based Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier #8220;

#8220;Expository Essay Sample on Nature Based Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier #8220; Nature plays a major role and has a profound impact on the lives of all organisms; it can be a friend or a foe. From the time a being comes into existence, it almost immediately, becomes aware of the necessary connection with the outside world. The creature begins by exploring all parts of the new surrounding, deciding how it maybe able to cope with the environment, making all the essential adaptations. As the life form grows, it becomes more and more dependent on nature, realizing how important the trees, grass, and even the sky really are. This dependency is also spiritual, one that comes from within, easily determining moods, emotions, actions, and sometimes proving to be an unlikely escape from reality or serving with unthinkable hardships. This intermingling bond, between being and nature, is almost inevitable in all beings. This union is the source of many struggles and conflicts that prove to be a test to the soul. This reliance, provided by nature, is nowhere else more evident then in writing. Authors take advantage of the daily struggles that are offered by setting to develop magnificent plots and create stunning suspense. This is especially so in the ageless love story, Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier, which describes the adversities that an outlaw soldier faces on his journey home to the unreachable mountain, where he hopes his love will be waiting. The fictional setting of the ferocious forest calls for developed characters that have courage, endurance, and a deep down sense of fright. The characters conflict and ally with natural forces in their daily struggles with life. Inman, one of the main characters in the novel, has a unique bond with nature, as he battles with it and then uses it as an internal remedy. He grows dependant on it, as both a mental getaway and a source of survival. In the beginning of the novel, Inman, from the confines of the hospital, looks out the window of his room and drifts into a mental ecstasy. For him, nature is an escape from the hospital environment and the pain of his wounds. He flashes back to his childhood. Inman remembers an incident that occurred when he was a schoolboy, and he threw his hat out of the window of the classroom. He went to retrieve it, running away from the school, and fleeing from all his troubles. In his mind, Inman longs to run away from the cruel world full of blood, killing, and misery. He fantasies about Cold Mountain and his life before the beginning of the war. Mentally, Inman establishes his own survival mechanism, a way to drift away from the images of death that are instilled in his mind. These visions cause him to have a great desire to break away, even at the cost of becoming a fugitive and, ultimately this drives him to find his way home. Inman’s fantasies could not have prepared him for the grueling journey that he encounters; he has immense struggles with nature. Numerous times, he finds himself at death’s door, but because of his mental will, he perseveres. He stumbles upon nature’s cruelty, with harsh weather, dangerous animals, and poisonous plants. Proving to be a major set back to his expedition, Inman overcomes treacherous rainstorms and bitter blizzards. He has no choice but to continue through whatever nature throws at him. While walking miles upon miles under the nightly sky, Inman is greeted the mysterious hoot of owls and crows that fly over his head. Even though these gloomy animals do not pose an immediate danger, they do create an eerie effect that depresses the deserter. Inman must learn to protect himself from the much more threatening animals that roam the landscape. On one occasion, Inman, for his own safety, is forced to drive an attacking mother bear off a cliff, and, with mu ch discontent, shoot her orphaned cub, which would otherwise not survive. To add to Inman’s own wounds, the run away soldier travels through unknown paths that are infested with poison ivy. The ivy injects more throbbing pain into its already injured victim. In terms of survival, nature is fighting against Inman. He must fend for himself, not only against the Home Guards, but also against the brutality of daily life in his surroundings. This leaves him weary and warn out, which, in turn, brings down his conviction. As nature wages war on Inman, it also supplies him with many necessities. The lush forest offers protection from enemies, provides him with shelter, and many times furnishes him food. Because of the large territory of the woodlands, Inman can, easily, keep himself hidden by taking unknown paths and hiding the bushes. The forest proves to be the safest place that Inman could be in; every time he travels into town to gather more supplies, he finds himself in danger. Inman has many close encounters with the town folk who try to kill him or capture him. He is also able to find caves and rest under the trees, which give him much needed shelter and a limited opportunity to rest from a countless days of walking. Inman quickly learns how to use the forest for his survival, hunting small animals. He soon finds himself connected with the forest in everyway possible, relying on it to stay alive, becoming a part of it, much like the small animals that he hunts. In his journey home, the forest eventually becomes his only source of his spiritual feelings. As Inman travels west, he begins to feel liberate from the war, attempting to let loose his horrid memories of blood. With every step, he is able, in his mind, to come closer to his goal, freedom. Therefore, when he is captured by the Home Guards and is forced to travel east, he feels like his life is ending, like he is traveling back in time. When Inman is shot, buried, and left for dead, he becomes one with the ground and his peaceful surroundings. Later, when the wild hogs uncover his body, he is brought back into the outside world, and reminded of the horror that exists. Inman also searches nature for a spiritual connection that would help him find meaning in his life. The dim landscape represents the suffering within his soul. The loneliness of the terrain symbolizes Inman’s feelings within himself. Inman identifies and envies the crow, a symbol that remains constant and establishes a relationship with all of the characters throughout the novel. He is jealous of this animal’s independence and unconformity to the world that mankind has established. Inman, in a way, also resents bird’s cunning and sneaky ways, as it is able to acquire everything it desires. Moreover, when Inman encounters a woman in the woods and seeks shelter at her camp, he discovers her connection and dependency on all that is around her. He finds fascinating the fact that she lives as a hermit, oblivious to the outside world. Inman soon concludes that be could not be so isolated from the exterior. Inman is not the only character in the novel that establishes a connection on many levels with nature. Like Inman, Ada uses nature as an antidote to her problems. She is a cultured young lady who is looking for a sense of direction after the death of her father, whom she had depended on all her life. She has absolutely no skills to revive her dying farm to provide her with a steady income. In the beginning of the novel, she takes in her surroundings much like a small child. Ada finds comfort in the trees and bushes that invite her to evade from the outside world. Therefore, she often buries herself in the shrubbery, falling asleep in this safety blanket. Other times, she sits under the peach tree, recollecting her time with Inman, her true love. Sitting on the front porch, Ada’s mind escapes into a book or into memories of her father. In nature, she does not seem to realize or even care to realize her problems. Ada’s prayers are answered and a miracle comes in the form of a girl named Ruby. She is a self- raised orphan who is looking for affection from a troubled childhood. Her approach to nature is more out of necessity than any other means. Because Ruby, from the time she was able to walk, has been dependent on the outside for survival; she is not able to establish a spiritual connection with the landscape. She is aware of the benefits and dangers of the greenery and therefore is able to help revive the failing farm and help Ada get back on her feet. Their meeting and relationship was truly a blessing to both Ada and Ruby. From each other, the both learn more than they could have ever bargained for, filling in the gap between practical and spiritual knowledge. Ruby teaches Ada how to work hard and the details of the terrain. She shows her that a little sweat can have great rewards, not only physically but also mentally. She realizes that she feels better about herself because she has interacted with nature in a way that she never has before. Ada offers Ruby something that Ruby has never had before, love. Ada presents her with a connection through books and shows Ruby how to see the world in a different light. She gives her affection and Ruby begins to have a strong spiritual bond with that is around her. Ada assures Ruby that it is all right to dream and to build castles in the sky. Together, each one fills each other’s void and both become much more complete. The bond between man and nature is expected, as both are interlinked with each other. It can provide great mental relief from daily tribulations and anguish. Other times, it can be the greatest adversary that man has to deal with. This bond is necessary for both existence and sanity. Nature determines many aspects of one’s life, even ones of life and death. The conflicts that the environment provides enable man to become stronger and he triumphs or fails at daily struggles.

Mandarin Chinese Sentence Structure

Mandarin Chinese Sentence Structure Mandarin Chinese sentence structure is quite different than English or other European languages. Since the word order doesnt match, sentences which are translated word-for-word to Mandarin will be difficult to understand. You must learn to think in Mandarin Chinese when speaking the language. Subject (who) Just like English, Mandarin Chinese subjects come at the beginning of the sentence. Time (when) Time expressions come immediately before or after the subject. John yesterday went to the doctor.Yesterday John went to the doctor. Place (where) To explain where an event happened, the place expression comes before the verb. Mary in school met her friend. Prepositional Phrase (with whom, to whom etc.) These are phrases which qualify an activity. They are placed before the verb and after the place expression. Susan yesterday at work with her friend ate lunch. Object The Mandarin Chinese object has a great deal of flexibility. It is usually placed after the verb, but other possibilities include before the verb, before the subject, or even omitted. Conversational Mandarin often omits both the subject and the object when the context makes the meaning clear. I like on the train read the newspaper.

Research Findings, Statistical Analysis and interpretation for Essay - 2

Research Findings, Statistical Analysis and interpretation for Etisalat Telecom Corporation - Essay Example Next is the presentation of results of reliability analysis are presented for all the items used in the questionnaire and for each item used in the questionnaire. The third section presents the results of correlation analysis using graphs where the performance data is graphically presented on their associations. The last section presents the results of hypotheses tests using one-sample t-tests. Table 1 shows the age distribution of the respondents. As shown, the results show that 34% of the respondents were aged 21-25 years, 11% were aged 26-30 years, 13% were aged 31-35 years, 16% were aged 36-40 years, and 28% were aged 41 years or above. Thus most of the respondents were aged 21-25 and above 40 years. These results are also presented in Figure 1. The graphical presentation of ratio analysis is provided in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. As shown there has been a decline in performance of Etisat in all the ratios. It can be noted that since 2006, the gross profit margin, pre (ITDA) profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin has been falling to the lowest in 2012. Figure 2 shows that the gross profit margin was 79.21% and declined to 75.94 in 2007, 68.63% in 2008, 68% in 2009, 67.25% in 2010, 64.2% in 2011 and in 2012. This clearly shows a decline in the gross profit margin for Etisalat Company. Figure 3 show that pre (ITDA) profit margin was highest in 2006 at 76.82% and lowest in 2012 at 61.65% having declined over the period of analysis. Figure 4 also shows a decline in operating profit margin as it was the highest in 2006 at 68.25% and lowest in 2012 at 51.69% having also declined over the years. Figure 5 shows that the net profit margin was highest in 2006 at 35.97% and lowest in 2012 at 26.92%. This shows a decline of operating profit margin over the period of analysis. Table 2 shows the descriptive results for all the 30 items used in the study. As shown, the results are

Journal #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #4 - Essay Example The functions enumerated by the author are: creating an identity, organization of time and management of feelings (Frith). Based such sociological approach, Frith concludes that value and preferences of pop music both derive from social identities and contribute their development. This gives reasons to consider popular music and the notion of its aesthetic tightly connected with social environment it evolves in. 2. Unlike the previous article, this article â€Å"Music and Morality† written by Roger Scruton, a professor of moral philosophy, raises awareness of non-critical nature of our modern culture in terms of music, relying on Plato’s perspective of music and society (the property of music to evoke and foster both moral virtues and moral vices instead of being neutral). Keeping in mind moral effect music can produce, Scruton stresses musical, i.e. rhythmic and instrumental aspect of music, distancing himself from vocal and lyrics. The key concern of the article is drawn through description of previous ‘sociable’ patterns of dancing to the music with others and the modern way of dancing at others imposed by the contemporary nature of beat and rhythm pulsations created in music. Submitting to the rhythms completely deprives one of critical evaluation of moral properties held by music, while listening to the music critically is stated to enable identifying moral i mplications of musical pieces. 3. Venise Berry in the article â€Å"Redeeming Rap Music Experience† explains the peculiar nature of rap music, viewing it from the perspective of urban experience of the black community and realia it comes across. Asserting rap to be the original means of cultural communication and proclamation of racial identity for black people in American society and drawing the line between assimilated pop-crossover rap and ‘raw’ cultural

Mission statements Essay Example for Free

Mission statements Essay A mission statement is basically a sentence saying what the company has to do. An aim is what every business need because they create a focus for the business to work towards, improvements and achievements. Objectives are important because they are more specific and help the business to achieve its aims. SMART targets are very important too because they mean: Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, and Timed. All businesses should have SMART targets because then they would know what exactly they are going for. Aims Objectives I am focusing on two types of companies; they are Sainsburys and Mirfield Free Grammar. The mission statement for Sainsburys is to be the consumers first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. The main aims and objectives of Sainsburys are that they need to survive, this is the most important one because if they cant survive they wouldnt be getting any profit. The objective of this would be to get about 500 customers a day. Another aim for Sainsburys is to make profit, because then you can improve the business and youll have money to spend. The objective of this is to get about i 10,000 a month. Another aim for Sainsbury is that they should maximize sales because then they would get more profit. The objective would be to sell more products. The most important aim of all is to provide quality food for the customers because if they dont, theyll wouldnt get much profit because the customers would go somewhere else. Another very important aim would be building more stores somewhere else because if they only have one store, some customers from further places might want to shop there but if its too far they might not come and might even go somewhere else. The mission statement of The Mirfield Free Grammar is the road to success is excellence. The main aims and objectives of the Mirfield Free Grammar are that they should provide a good service, the objective of this is to buy 100 more computers for the school. Another aim for Mirfield Free Grammar is that they should hire more staff, the objective of this is to hire staff with 6 GCSEs. The final aim is to beat the competition, Mirfield Free Grammar HAVE to beat Castle Hall. The similarity of Sainsbury and Mirfield Free Grammar are that public people can go both to these companies because they are both public. The differences between Sainsbury and Mirfield Free Grammar are that Sainsbury have customers and they make lots of profit but Mirfield Free Grammar has students and they dont make a profit. Another difference is that Sainsbury provides food etc but MFG provides a service. Sainsbury is a public limited company whilst MFG is a public sector company. And another difference is that Sainsbury need to survive by getting customers but MFG doesnt. think an effective supermarket should be able to provide a fast and easy service for the public and they should make sure that all their products are to the best, this could make the business meet its aims and objectives easier and better. Another good aim for Sainsbury is that they could improve their charitable donations in order to make more customers go there. I think an effective school should provide top service for all the students, qualified teachers, good facilities and the best effort of the school as possible. I think if MFG made the school bigger, it would also meet its aims and objectives more efficiently because more room means more students and teachers which also means that there would me more customers which is good for a school. In the outside world there are loads of different types of businesses e. g sole traders, partnership, limited companies and co-operatives etc Sainsbury is a public limited company, which means the public can buy shares via the stock market (the share price currently is 298. 50p). Sainsbury is a large business and lots of people work there. The shareholders own Sainsbury and it has a limited liability so the shareholders are not liable for all the debts but they only pay the amount they have invested. Sainsbury is better off being a public limited company because it can easily raise money by selling shares. It is also better off being a public limited company because it is bigger than private limited companies and they dont sell shares to the public where as public limited companies do. Public limited companies has a couple of advantages like; it is not owned by the government but by the shareholders, it gets lots of profit, lots of people work in that business so the work load is less and the business has a very good chance to survive because the shareholders pay some of the debts. It also has disadvantages like; low wages because there are lots of staff working there, long hours etc Mirfield Free Grammar is a public sector organization, which means it is controlled by the government. It does not sell shares and it doesnt have as much public sector business as private sector business. This type of ownership suits Mirfield Free Grammar because it is public and owned by the government. Mirfield Free Grammar has advantages like people dont have to pay to get in and it has a very good chance to survive because it is owned by the government. It also has disadvantages like getting no profit and not a lot of people would go there. The differences between Sainsburys ownership and MFGs ownership is that Sainsbury is a public limited company which means it can raise money by selling shares to the public whereas in the other hand MFG raise money by attracting students to come to their school. Another difference between these two is that Sainsbury is controlled by a board of directors who are elected whereas a board of governors control MFG. These governors are also elected by parents and teachers who do it on a voluntary basis. I think Mirfield Free Grammar would be better if it was a partnership because then there would be more people controlling the school which means it would run more efficient meeting its aims even better. I think if Sainsbury was a franchise, it would be a very good business because if people use Sainsburys brand name and run a business in a less populated area, the local would go their for their food instead of going into the main towns and cities. There are lots of aims for Sainsbury like to provide a charitable service and to expand the service to the community. The core business activity for Sainsbury is to sell food and groceries because these make the most profit for Sainsbury. The range of activities that Sainsbury carries out are to sell baby food, books, flowers, cds, toys, mobile phones, medicine, food, drinks, fruits, vegetables, cakes, chocolate, wine, gifts, electronics and a lot more. They also have their own bank as well. The main customers of Sainsburys are basically the public and their main competitors are Tesco, Asda, Morrisons etc The business activity of Sainsbury have changed a lot nowadays for example, they sell more products like CDs, gel, games, more electronic things etc they never used to sell these in the past. Now customers can even order their shopping over the Internet so it is a lot easier and they dont have to go there themselves.

To Autumn - The Final Season In the Life of a Poet Essay -- Keats To A

To Autumn - The Final Season In the Life of a Poet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The years between 1818 and 1821 mark the final stage in John Keat's life. During this time period, Keats created some of his best poetry. These works would forever elevate Keats as a brilliant and talented poet whose mark would be left on the literary world forever. The last years of Keat's life were met with many challenges as well as inspirations. It was a combination of these which not only influenced, but inspired Keats to write such poems as, "The Eve of St. Agnes," "Lamia," "The Fall of Hyperion," and "To Autumn." "To Autumn" exemplifies maturity, resolution, perfection, and unification of a poem, a season, a day, and a poet.    John Keats was born on October 31, 1795, on the northern outskirts of London. In 1804, his father was thrown from a horse and died of a skull fracture. The following year, Keat's grandfather died. It was also about this time that his mother disappeared from her children's lives, leaving them to be raised by their grandmother. Three years later, in 1808, she reappeared ill with tuberculosis. In 1810 she died. Watching his mother die had a very strong impact on Keats. It may have influenced his decision to become a doctor. In 1811, at the age of sixteen, he became an apprentice to a Dr. Hammond. It was also at this time that Keats was handed a copy of Spenser's "Faerie Queen" by his friend and tutor, Cowden Clarke (Nylander). Keats became extremely interested in poetry.    By 1816, Keats was working in Guy's hospital in London as an apothecary and surgeon. Still, he continued to be drawn to poetry. In 1817, he was introduced to Leigh Hunt, a young journalist and poet who had a profound influence on his ... ...nce between life and death. There is the closure of a season, a day and a genius poet. In "To Autumn" Keats asks, "Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?" He need not worry. They are eternal within his poetry.    Works Cited Bate, Walter jackson, Ed. Keats: A Collection of Critical Essays, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Forman, Buxton H. The Poetical Works of John Keats. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1895. Motion, Andrew. Keats. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997. Nylander, Jon. Online posting. 5 Oct. 1999. John Keats Life Page. 119, Mar. 2000. <http://hem.passagen.se/jonnyl/keats/> "To Autumn". The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton, Inc., 2000. Ward. Aileen. John Keats The Making of a Poet. New York: The Viking Press, Inc., 1963.   

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay

A phobia is a learned bodily response in reference to a difficult life event. Centered in the amygdala portion of the brain which regulates the â€Å"fight or flight† response, a somatic sensation of anxiety occurs in the presence of specific stimuli. The precipitating factor may have been experienced by the person themselves-or may have been experienced â€Å"secondhand† through misfortune that may have occurred to a friend or loved on. In some cases, a phobia may have no discernible cause or may appear â€Å"irrational†-to everyone but the person experiencing it! Phobic reactions or symptoms of anxiety can include: a racing heart, sweaty palms, an upset stomach and a general feeling of unease. Classical conditioning is a response that is triggered by an outside stimulus-or the thought of such stimulus. The perfect example is the Pavlovian response-in which Pavlov would ring a bell before dinnertime and his dogs would salivate. Over time, he extinguished the presence of the food yet kept the ringing of the bell. The dogs still salivated-at the idea of food coming, a basic bodily response to the suggestion of a specific stimulus. This is commonly referred to as a â€Å"Pavlovian response. † Classical conditioning has two components to it-the acquisition stage and the extinction phase. In the acquisition stage, the initial learned response is obtained. For example, in the case of a phobia-a person may break out in a cold sweat presence of crossing a bridge as he drives. In the extinction phase, the bridge may not be present but the memory of it may be present-enough to still cause the phobic reaction. Thus, merely thinking about a stimulus, even when it is extinct, can still bring on the same phobic response. The phobic response, therefore, is strengthened each time it is felt. The stimulus-present or not-extinct or not-become fused together in the person’s mind. The phobia sufferer then will go to great lengths to avoid the stimulus at any cost. The phobia then worsens as he avoids facing his fears head on. This is how classical conditioning can increase the intensity of a phobia. Addictions are defined as a persistent behavioral pattern that is marked by physical and/or psychological dependency on someone or something. Addictions became â€Å"an issue† in the treatment milieu when they significantly disrupt the life of the addicted individual. Terminology has become quite complicated. Those individuals from a medical background define addiction from a physiological basis. For example-opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are classical examples of those substances, which cause a physical dependence. On a lesser scale, there are those items that can cause a physiological dependence, as evidenced by changes in the neurotransmitters in the brain-some examples would be over the counter nasal sprays or laxatives. Psychological addictions can be defined within the context of a â€Å"slippery slope†- there are as many â€Å"addictions† as there are specialists to treat them. (Evidence the most recent news of the plethora of celebrities being treated for sex addiction. ) Some examples of area in which psychological addiction may occur include the following-shopping, pornography, eating, exercise and self injury. There is a physiologic reward, however, as the object of the addictive person’s attention -aka†the reward† activates the â€Å"pleasure enter† of the brain-emitting dopamine. Therefore, the addictive behavior is rewarded with a rush of dopamine to the person engaging in the behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to form or shape a behavior. There are three main components relevant to operant conditioning. First, there is the aspect of reinforcement-this basically applies to a consequence that causes the â€Å"addictive† behavior to occur with greater frequency. An example of this would be as follows- An individual is consumed with shopping. They scour the news every day to find out where the sales will be taking place; they belong to a network of people that trade shopping information relevant to their area of interest. Then the day comes and they make the purchase. This act reinforces their addiction with a momentary high (that is usually short lived. ) Second, the aspect of punishment-a consequence that makes an action occur, less frequently-comes into play. When an addictive urge is felt, and the desired object is taken away (i. e. the punishment†) the urge to obtain the desired â€Å"rush† still exists-albeit even stronger. The person then works harder to obtain the drug, the act, and the food-whatever the addiction is. In this way, the operant conditioning aspect of punishment reinforces and addiction. Third, there is the element of extinction. Extinction occurs when there is a lack of consequence following a behavior-good or bad. An individual who is wantonly exhibiting a sexual addiction while in a s erious relationship-let’s take that as an example. Without being â€Å"caught†, there is no consequence. The addictive behavior continues unchecked. It is reinforced. I have exemplified the ways in which operant conditioning can develop and maintain addictive behavior. The difference between classical and operant conditioning is as follows: very succinctly put, classical conditioning forms a relationship between two stimuli-for example, one thinks of/or sees a chocolate cake, the salivary glands begin to work! Operant conditioning forms a relationship between a stimuli and a consequence. You touch the stove while it’s on, you get burnt. Bet you won’t do that again-a relationship is formed on the basis of a negative consequence. Conversely, the consequence can also be positive. Example-you do your homework on time and as assigned, you get a good grade, a positive consequence has occurred, which will (hopefully) shape future behaviors. Extinction is achieved through the gradual phasing out of â€Å"reward† in operant conditioning, while hoping to still achieve the same behavior. Example, one has been rewarded with a good driver award after years of possessing a great driving record. With the extinction of this positive consequence (i. e. no reward)-one would hope that the good driving habits would continue. In classical conditioning, I will present an example-if we ring a bell and cause a dog we have a conditioned stimulus-however if we keep ringing that bell without giving the dog any food (an unconditioned stimulus) eventually the dog will unlearn his conditioned response. Extinction has then occurred. In summation, extinction is operant conditioning relates to the phasing out of consequence – in classical conditioning it is the phasing out of response.

Having Our Say Essay

Sarah and Bessie Delany were extraordinary women. They were very intelligent, kind, yet feisty women. Sarah and Bessie Delany were very close sisters and lived to be one hundred and four and one hundred and nine years of age. The Delany sisters were able to live long because of the way they lived their life. Over all these two women lived a good life and had two loving, caring, and wise parents to help who they have become in our American history, but life for The Delany sisters was not always easy they faced many hardships to have the respect they do today. In the book Having Our Say The Delany Sisters’ First 100 Years The Delany sisters faced many challenges because they were sheltered, educated and black African American females. The Delany sisters grew up at Saint Augustine’s school in Raleigh, NC. The Delany family was a very religious family and tried to follow all the rules to living a good sinful life (56, 57). Being in their early twenties the Delany sisters world only consist of Saint Aug’s college and downtown Raleigh. They only have visited two places Yak, Virginia and Fernandina, Florida (115). Henry Delany; the sisters’ father was the first elected African American bishop of the Episcopal churches (3). Therefore the Delany children were look highly upon and the Delany sisters were very sheltered growing up. Bessie talked about how sheltered and clueless she and Sadie were when she made the statement, Our childhood years were so protected, we didn’t have but the vaguest notion of what sex. We had a neighbor who said to us once, â€Å"You girls are so green, it’s no wonder those cows don’t mistake you for grass and gobble you up. † (84). The Delany sisters didn’t live like normal kids. They help raise their seven younger brother and sisters, and wasn’t aloud to go anywhere off Saint Aug’s campus without supervision. Living in the city of Raleigh when the Delany sisters became young women in their mid twenties they eventually moved to New York after visiting a few time. The two sisters were afraid and didn’t know how to talk to men without feeling uncomfortable they were very educated and disciplined, but when it came to having streets smarts they lack a lot of that (111). Sadie had one guy friend name frank who took liking to her and her father was not very fond of him and forbidden Sadie from seeing him again. Bessie said â€Å"I suppose Lemuel and Papa thought they were doing the right thing by Sadie, forbidding her to see frank anymore, but I don’t think was right. She was a grown woman. She should have had a say† (121). The Delany sisters turned out fine, but if they weren’t so sheltered life could have gone a little smoother for them. In the early 1900’s it was very rare for any African Americans to have any education beyond high school. All the Delany children went to college and got the education. Sadie Delany graduated from Saint Aug in 1910 and in the same year got her first teaching job working for Wake County public schools in North Carolina (112,113). A few years later Bessie graduated from Saint Aug’s and got a job just like her sister in Boardman, NC. In 1913 Bessie went to Brunswick, GA to teach at an Episcopal school for African American children (130). In 1915 the Delany sisters took their first trip to New York City and fell in love with the big city (139). The Delany sisters moved there in to further there education. Sadie faced problems when she started school in New York. Sadie said I had a difficult time at first, because I really had to scramble in courses like chemistry. That was a problem for a lot of colored students. Often, our early training was not as good as the white students’ because colored schools had no money. (149) Many whites labeled blacks as â€Å"dumb†. Sadie didn’t get a grade that she deserved in her chemistry class, and the teacher was discriminating against her. The Delany sisters had to prove that they were capable of learning and succeeding just as much as white people were, and it was already hard for them because they were black, but being a black female made it almost impossible to be taken seriously. Being a black person in America was hard living and worse being black and living in the south than anywhere else especially after the Jim Crow laws were passed. The Delany sisters took trips often to the drug store Bessie said â€Å"I was not a crying child, except when it came to being treated badly because of my race, like when they wouldn’t serve us at the drug store counter† (105). Being a black female back in that time they received worse disrespects than just being a black male. But if there were blacks that were lighter skinned they were treated somewhat better because they were close to looking white. Bessie said â€Å"To be lighter-skinned was more desirable If you were very dark skinned you were looked down upon. We saw in our own family that people treated the lighter-skinned children better†. (106) Throughout the Delany sisters life they have had to go through the constant disrespect of race and discrimination. Having gone what the Delany sister went through they became wonderful, courageous, educated women. All the struggle they went through made them stronger and how they lived their life helped them live for as long as they did to tell their life obstacles and achievements.

pop up ads essays

pop up ads essays Pop-Up Ads: Technology isnt Always a Good Thing by Jud Peterson I. Introduction.....................................................................Page 1 A. Joe Internet User and Pop-Ups..............................Page 1 B. Some Companies Cant Live With em.....................Page 2 C. Some Companies Cant Live Without em ................Page 3 III. Conclusion....................................................................Page 4 D. References............................................................Page 6 As more and more companies go online these days, they need more and more ways to advertise their products and services. The most popular method, unfortunately, is the use of pop-up advertising. For those of you reading who are not in the know, a pop-up ad is an advertisement that appears on the computer screen out of nowhere, mostly when the pop-up victim is surfing the internet, but sometimes they will appear when the victim is not surfing the internet at all. They appear on my computer when Im not even there, but enough of my life story. Lets get back to the issue at hand. Love them or hate them, pop-up ads are here to stay. The majority of todays internet users are doing everything in their power to stop them, but somehow pop-up ads are still an effective advertising tool, so they cannot be stopped just yet. To understand the reasoning behind this, one has to see the issues from a consumers viewpoint as well as a businessmans viewpoint. Most consumers want to do away with pop-up ads, as do many businesses. However, several businesses make the bulk of their income with pop-up ads. Assuming whoever reads this is most likely a consumer who does not like pop-up ads, I will start by discussing this viewpoint and far people will go to stop pop-up ads. I am one of these consumers that wishes pop-up ads would di...

The History of the Cabbage Patch Kids Dolls

The History of the Cabbage Patch Kids Dolls During the 1983 Christmas season, parents in the United States frantically searched everywhere for the coveted Cabbage Patch Kids dolls. While many stores had extremely long waiting lists, others had a first-come first-serve policy, which led to shocking, vicious fights between potential buyers. By the end of the year, approximately three million Cabbage Patch Kids dolls had been adopted. The Cabbage Patch Kids frenzy of 1983 was to be the first of many such holiday-season, toy frenzies in the years to come. What Is a Cabbage Patch Kids Doll? In 1983, a Cabbage Patch Kids doll was a 16-inch doll, usually with a plastic head, a fabric body, and yarn hair (unless it was bald). What made them so desirable, besides the fact that they were huggable, was both their supposed uniqueness and their adoptability. It was claimed that each Cabbage Patch Kids doll was unique. Different head molds, eye shapes and colors, hair styles and colors, and clothing options did make each one look different than the other. This, plus the fact that inside each Cabbage Patch Kids box came a birth certificate with that particular kids first and middle name on it, made the dolls as individual as the kids who wanted to adopt them. The official Cabbage Patch Kids story tells of a young boy named Xavier Roberts, who was led by a Bunnybee through a waterfall, down a long tunnel, and out into a magical land where a cabbage patch grew little children. When he was asked to help, Roberts agreed to find loving homes for these Cabbage Patch Kids. The real Xavier Roberts, who invented the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls, had no trouble adopting out his dolls in 1983, for real kids around the country vied to be one of the few whose parents were able to buy them one. The Real Story Behind the Cabbage Patch Dolls The real history of Cabbage Patch Kids dolls had little to do with Bunnybees; instead, the real story began with 21-year-old Xavier Roberts, who, when he was an art student, came up with the beginning doll idea in 1976. By 1978, Roberts joined up with five of his school friends and started a company called the Original Appalachian Artworks, Inc., which sold the entirely plush, hand-made Little People dolls (the name was to change later). Roberts would travel to arts and craft shows to sell his dolls, which already had the signature adoption aspect to them. The dolls were a hit even with the first buyers and soon orders started to pour in. By 1981, Roberts and his dolls were being written about in many magazines, even appearing on the cover of Atlantic Weekly. In 1982, Roberts and his friends were unable to keep up with the orders and thus signed a contract with Coleco, a toy manufacturer, who could mass produce the dolls, which were now to have plastic heads and be called Cabbage Patch Kids. By the following year, Coleco couldnt keep up either. Kids were demanding the doll, causing a buying frenzy at the end of 1983. A Few Things You Dont Know About Cabbage Patch Kids Dolls Later, when Hasbro took over manufacturing (1989 to 1994), the dolls shrunk down to 14 inches tall. Mattel, which manufactured Cabbage Patch Kids from 1994 to today also kept the smaller, 14-inch size. On the left-side of every dolls tush, you can find the signature of Cabbage Patch Kids inventor, Xavier Roberts. However, what you might not know is that just about every year the dolls were made, the color of the signature changed. For instance, in 1983, the signature was black but in 1993 it was forest green. If you are an avid fan of Cabbage Patch Kids, you can go visit the Babyland General Hospital and see the birth of a doll. Located in Cleveland, Georgia, the large, Southern-style house holds thousands of Cabbage Patch Kids dolls. Be forewarned, it is highly unlikely that you could bring kids here and escape without buying them a doll. Do you have a Cabbage Patch Kids doll in your garage that youre hoping will eventually bring you lots of money? Check out the Doll Collecting site at About.com to find out if what you have is worth anything.

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military Research Paper

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military - Research Paper Example The constitution of the United States does not offer just anyone an absolute right to serve in the countries military services. Joining the military in United States is considered a privilege and demands particular conditions to be met by the prospect candidate. Anyone who meets the required conditions and sings up as a member of the military in the active duty is serves on full-time basis. All members whether men or women report on their duties if they qualify to specific age and physical conditions. The lower entry to military service is under seventeen while the upper entry is thirty five years. However entry may depend on conditions of a particular category. They issue of gays and lesbians serving in the military should not be a problem of contention and so they should be allowed as suggested by Stewart (53). Since they are qualified individuals just like any others in the military there is no reason as to why they should not be allowed in the military. The issue about gays and l esbians in the military of US has been highly debated upon in politics. This started after the court declared the Don’t ask, Don’t tell policy of the military. ... The liberals have no problem with gays and lesbians serving the military but the conservatives want to ban the issue. Before President Clinton came into power, the department of Finance had its own policy which did not allow gays and lesbians to serve in the military. Once one was investigated and found quilt of this, he/she was discharged from the military. Clinton had promised in his campaigns to overthrow the policy but it was not possible and law was enacted which forbid homosexuality forever. However despite the enactment, homosexuality is still going on in the military. This can be attributed to the fact that some of the low-ranked persons in the army, live with their roommates in the barrack. Therefore, because it has become impossible to totally eliminate homosexuality in the military, it can thus be allowed. Since individuals are not born gays or lesbians, it does not matter in the service delivery. As suggested by Newton (53), this is because lesbianism or gay practice is n ot a weakness but more of lifestyle. Serving in the military means that one is dedicated to serve his/her country and is also willing to die for it. Therefore it is important to respect the private life of individuals if it has no negative impact in their service delivery. For instance, if those individuals outside the military are not investigated in their life then there is no reason as to why military individuals should be investigated. If homosexuality does not change the life of individuals then there is no way it can change their service delivery. For instance in some countries like the NATO countries gays have been openly allowed to work in the military even as leaders and there is no single effect since it was allowed. However people may argue that

Major project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major project - Assignment Example Therefore, it seems that the company had a policy of hiring from outside other than promoting its employees. The benefits of promotion from within policy to any firm are many. Promoting employees from within motivates thee employees to do even better, since they feel that their efforts and handwork has been recognized by the employer. It serves to increase the productivity of the employees (Clark, 2003). Furthermore, promoting the employees from within serves to attract potential employees willing to advance in their career path through the organization ladder. Promotion from within policy makes the company adopt a leadership training strategy, where it constantly trains and prepares its employees for future leadership roles in that company. Section II The company runs such an article as a first page cover, since the failure of the Human Resource function has proved so apparent. Since the Human Resource department in any organization is the backbone of the organization, in that it pr ovides the company with the most significant resource, its failure earns the department a bad reputation. The performance appraisals are so time consuming, yet they are not utilized for the benefit of the company or the employees. The departments are very bureaucratic and involve a lot of paper work (Hammonds, 2005). To avoid building such bad reputations, HR should hire the best, nurture their talents and provide favorable working environment for employees. Section III Question 1 The importance of a sound job analysis is to help an organization plan for its labor force requirement, helping the organization hire the best manpower and design an appropriate organizational structure. There are various data analysis tools available. They include: Functional Job Analysis (FJA) tool, applied to discover common elements in different jobs, the competency tool to evaluate the performance of the employees and job scan tool that defines the personality of the workforce (Clark, 2003). Question 2 There are various desired competencies for a successful career. Functional competency is necessary for the acquisition and use of specific skills and experiences desired in any profession. The core non-technical skills such as communication, planning and organizational skills are desired for successful career. In addition, leadership and teamwork skills are essential for any successful career (Peter, 2007). Question 4 An organization benefits from strong ethical cultures, in that it is a core element of fostering unity among the organization’s stakeholders (Peter, 2007). Organizational ethical culture serves to embrace the diversity of an organizations’ religious, political, economic and social perspective of the employees. This serves to enhance productivity among them. Question 5 A firm can implement corporate social responsibility program by indentifying the needs of the society from where it is operating and devising ways of meeting them. The identification of th e environmental conservation measures is yet another way that a firm can identify and implement a corporate social responsibility program (Peter, 2007). Some examples of corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by firms include building infrastructural facilities like roads, constructing social amenity facilities like hospitals and environmental con

Skills Essential at Various Levels of Management Essay

Skills Essential at Various Levels of Management - Essay Example Sales managers have the task of finding potential clients and developing accurate pitches. Technical skills are considered as indispensable to lower-level managers compared to middle-level and upper-level managers. It is essential for lower-level managers to possess technical skills as they have direct access to the employees (Williams, 2010, p. 22). Technical skills involve hands-on activity on the processes or product in the organization. It plays a significant role in producing products and services of the company (Northouse, 2009, p. 40). Middle-level and upper-level managers are mainly concern with foreseeing the overall operations of the company which requires a different set of skill. Human skills pertain to the abilities that aid the managers in effectively working with peers and subordinates to attain the goals of the organization. These skills are essential in the three levels of management. Although low-level managers communicate with a high number of employees, human skill is regarded as equally indispensable in lower and upper-level managers (Northouse, 2009, p. 41). These skills are manifested through encouraging employees to express their feelings and thoughts. Managers who possess human skills have high self-awareness and ability to understand the feelings of subordinates. These managers are likely to possess high emotional intelligence. Conceptual skills refer to the ability to grasp how each part of the company interact and affect one another and see the company as a whole (Williams, 2010, p. 23). Conceptual skills are considered as unessential for lower-level managers. More and Miller (2010) reiterated that lower-level managers allocate the least amount of time in dealing with concepts and ideas to accomplish objectives of the company (p. 17). They function mainly to execute strategies and policies designed by upper-level managers.

Growth And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay

Growth And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay The MBA programmed provides student with a fundamental knowledge of business and organizational functions and activities as well as an exposure to strategic thinking of management. As a part of the curriculum we have prepared a comprehensive project report on petroleum industry. The theoretical knowledge is used only when are apply in our practical study. This report contains a brief about the petroleum industry playing a vital role in the growth of Indian economy. The whole project was accomplished in very systematic manner starting from collection of information through visiting various websites, books, magazines etc and than analyses it in a proper and suitable way. This report aims to provide information regarding the current position of petroleum industry in India. Its growth, challenges and issues in highly competitive market by adopting liberalization and globalization polices which are affecting the Indian economy particularly in petroleum sector. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank all the people who have helped us for making this project possible. Firstly we would like to appreciate the tradition of our institute, J.H.P.C.M.T which encourages such activities. We would also like to thank Dr. M.R.Parekh director of J.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY for providing help whenever required. We grateful acknowledgments the value guidance and useful suggestion offered by our faculty guide Miss Jenita Patel. Finally we also thankful all our friends to helped us directly and indirectly in our project. We have also devoted with our best possible effort to complete the project. Declaration We Thakkar Nikita, Makwana Snehal hereby declare that the COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT entitled Petroleum Industry in is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. Place: (Signature) Date: (Name of Student) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project titled as Petroleum Industry has been undertaken with an objective of analyzing the economic growth in the india market its role for the development of the country. It represents Indias energy needs and is the most valuable public as well as private enterprise. As a collective result of private sector and public sector refinery investments in the recentpast, India will become known by 2012 as Asias largest refined product exporter, surpassing Singapore. India will stay one of Asias two largest refined product exporters for the anticipated future. India is suddenly become a global petroleum producing center because of having increasing the depth of product flows and strengthening supply chains especially clean transport fuels and for high-end industrial product. It also have far-reaching implications for regional product markets. The business of Indias large scale export oriented refining sector marks the increase of rate of a basic shift in the design of global refining in which growing economies increasingly look to production hubs in Asia and the Middle East to supply incremental refined product demand. Growth and Evolution of Petroleum Industry in India The petroleum industry is include the global processes of extraction, exploration, refining, transporting (often by pipelines and oil tankers), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are gasoline (petrol) and fuel oil. Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including solvents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizers, and plastics. The origin of the Indian oil gas industry can be traced back to the late 19th century, when oil was first struck at Digboi in Assam in 1889.In view of the significance of the gas oil sector for overall economic growth, the Government of India announced in1954 that petroleum would be the core sector industry. 1954, petroleum exploration production activity was controlled by the government-owned National Oil Companies (NOCs), namely Oil India Private Ltd (OIL) and Oil Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).Indias refining capacity has more than trebled in the last 13 years. Reliance Industry is the first refinery industry in Jamnagar in 1999, India has an installed capacity of around 193.5 million tpa in April, 2011. The growth is likely to continue with refining capacities expected to touch 255 million tpa by 2012-13 and 302 million tpa by 2017-18, with a slew of projects announced by both the private and public sector. Today, private sector accounts for 76.5 million tpa (around 39.5 per cent) and public sector oil companies account for close to 117 million tpa (around 60.5 per cent). There has been a healthy growth in Indias petroleum refining capacity in the last five years, is as described by the given table below:- Domestic crude oil production [million tpa] 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (Provisional) Total consumption 113.2 120.7 128.9 133.6 138.2 Products from indigenous crude 26.6 28.4 28.2 27.0 27.2 Indigenous crude processing 28.3 30.2 30.0 28.8 28.9 Products from fractionators 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 Total indigenous production 30.8 32.4 32.3 31.2 31.6 Import dependence (%) 72.8 73.2 75.0 76.7 77.2 Self-sufficiency (%) 27.2 27.0 25.0 23.3 22.8 The capacity utilization of Indian refiners for the last few years is described in the table. Indian refiners have also operated at higher operating rates or capacity utilization compared to their regional/global peers implying efficiency in operations. But, import of Indias refining industry is growing, as the domestic crude oil production is stable at around 30 million tpa for the last few years. Generally, GDP growth rates and petroleum product consumption are linked. But, in our case, factors like availability of better roads, more fuel efficient vehicles, improvements in mass urban transport modes and increased availability of natural gas for industrial sector contributed to more moderate growth in recent times. Indian refineries are clocking higher Gross Refining Margins compared to regional benchmarks a clear sign for competitiveness in refining operations. If all the planned projects materialize, India will have an exportable surplus petroleum product of around 100 million tpa by 2012 and 140 million. Product profile This section provides a brief description of the technology and production process. An understanding of these issues is critical as it helps understand industry structure. Crude oil is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons chemical compounds consisting roughly of six parts of carbon and one of hydrogen, both of which are fuels; it generally also carries small quantities of salts sulphur, oxygen, metals and nitrogen. The principal products obtained from the crude oil are:- Petrol:- Petrol is used to fuel internal combustion engines, mainly vehicular. It is early use as a killer of lice and their eggs has completely disappeared. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):- LPG is mostly a combination of propane and butane. It is heavier than air, and liquefies under pressure. It is used as a household cooking fuel, vehicular fuel and refrigerant; 4 million vehicles are estimated to be powered by LPG in the world. Kerosene:- Kerosene is also known as paraffin, is used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other poor countries, and as a space heating fuel in industrial countries. Jet fuel:- It is used in jet planes, is closely akin to kerosene. Naphtha:- Naphtha is used to make additives for high-octane petrol, and to make polymeric plastics and urea, a nitrogenous fertilizer. Lubricating oil:- It is consists of greases and viscous oils used to lubricate moving parts in automobiles, industry, railway engines and carriages and marine engines. Petroleum coke:- It is mostly used as fuel, but is also used to make dry cell batteries and electrodes. High-speed diesel oil:- It is used in engines running at 750 revolutions per minute (rpm) or more. It is mostly used in diesel-powered vehicles. Light diesel:- It is used in the diesel engines running at lower speed mainly irrigation pumps and generation sets. Furnace oil:- It is made by diluting residual fuel oil from refining with middle distillates such as diesel oil. It is used in bunkers, boilers, furnaces, heaters, or as fertilizer feedstock. Demand determination of the Industry Petroleum industry in the country has undergone major transformation in the past several years. The country is now net exporter of petroleum products. Globalization of Indian economy along with high international oil prices which are a pass-through in the bulk sector has induced improvement in energy efficiency and shift of demand from liquid to natural gas (LNG). Further, improvement in road infrastructure and better vehicles has had a sobering effect on the demand for road transportation fuels. Low demand in transport fuels like HSD and MS is also due to factors like expansion of city gas distribution networks i.e. CNG. Demand determination factors:- The Demand determination factors are based on mainly two approaches. Top-down Approach and Bottom-up Approach. Top-down Approach: Overall energy requirements with share of different fuels in the primary commercial energy basket by linking GDP with energy elasticity. Bottom-up Approach: End use approach considering the impact of different parameters. While assessing the requirements factors like impact of Metro rail, CNG expansion, impact of high oil prices, conservation/efficiency improvement issues, aviation policy of the Government, Railways freight policy, growth of passenger and cargo traffic, fleet expansion plan of airlines, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) road construction projects, construction of freight corridor, electrification plans of railway tracks vehicle population growth, impact of gas, technological improvements in engine designs, improved fuel efficiency, impact of auto LPG etc. have been measured. The demand of gas is continues to be influenced by the cost economics vis-à  -vis alternative fuels pertaining to each of the end use sectors in India. The power and fertilizer is also the dynamics of these sectors. Currently the consumption of natural gas is shared by the fertilizer and power sector to the tune of 29% and 40% respectively. The power sector is one of the continuous major consumer of natural gas. There has set target of 70,000 generation s forecasted by he ministry of power for the next 5 year period ending 2012. The industry like Petrochemicals/Refineries and Internal Consumption sectors are estimates that the annual economic growth rate of about 7%. Similarly, the iron/steel sector is also estimates same rate for economic growth. Currently the demand for petroleum product is 131.8 MMT in 2011-12 which will increased by 160.2 in 2016-17. The demand for petroleum product is also depend on the availability of the different products like petrol diesel kerosene naphtha etc. Their prices are the main factor of determining demand of these products. The petroleum refineries must considered the price parity and export parity which considered the change in price of petroleum products which depend on the past experience. Players in the Industry The various competitors are available in the petroleum industry which including the government and private sector. most of the petroleum companies are huge operations and with billion dollar balance sheet. The oil and gas production and distribution is dominated by government owned companies which are heavily regulated excepting for Reliance Industries. After liberalizing the operations of the companies like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL) run billions of   dollars in losses as they are forced to sell petroleum products at below their cost. The polices of government are mostly informal compensating these companies through money transfers and bonds. some government companies like OIL India, ONGC and GAIL which operates in the production and have to bear less of the subsidy burden have grown and performed very well. In the private sector companies like Aban Great Offshore, Essar and Reliance have managed to grow rapidly as well with changeable degrees of success. Here is the list of the major petroleum Companies in India:- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL):- The IOCL covers the whole hydrocarbon value chain from, pipeline transportation, marketing of petroleum products to exploration production of crude oil gas, marketing of natural gas, petrochemicals and refining. The sales turn over of Indian oil was Rs 271,074 corer and profits of Rs. 10,221 corer in 2009-10. Indian oils cross-country network of crude oil and product pipelines across 10,899 km and the largest in the country, meets the crucial energy needs of the consumers in an economical, environment and efficient manner. GAIL India:- GAIL (India) Limited, is Indias Natural Gas company, integrating all aspects of the Natural Gas value chain right from discovery to marketing. It emphasizes on clean fuel industrialization, creating a square of green energy corridors that connect major consumption centers with major gas fields in India. GAIL is growing its business to become a player in the International market. The companys revenue earned in 2009-10 was Rs 24,000 corer with net profit of 11%. It is a well managed fast growing company with high competitive barriers in India. Reliance  Industries:- It is Indias largest private petroleum company. The company achieving the remarkable growth in the last decade and is diversifying into Retail. In market top more than $30 billion it is Indias most valued company. It is also highly petroleum exporting company of India. The company is one of the largest oil refining and petrochemical complexes in the world at Jamnagar. Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL):- it is the major distribution of petroleum, cooking gas and diesel in the Indian market. The companys revenue of Rs 36,000 corer and net profit of 0.5%. due to the government control The company suffer low margins and terrible stock price performance. Which forces the company to sell the product at below the cost? Even after the liberalization with increased global crude prices increasing the losses very much. The company produces a various range of products, from petrochemicals and solvents to aircraft fuel and specialty lubricants and markets them to several international and domestic airlines and hundreds of industries. Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL):- The company operates the largest refinery in the country producing Oils of international standards. This Refinery accounts for 40% of the Indias total Oil production. The company has two major refineries producing a large variety of petroleum fuels specialties. one in Mumbai and the other in Vishakhapatnam. Its huge marketing network consists of its zonal regional offices facilitated by a supply distribution infrastructure comprising terminals, aviation service stations, retail outlets, pipeline networks and LPG distributorships. The companys market share accounts for about 20% and 10% of the nations refining capacity. The company revenue earned was Rs 34,000 corer and net profit margin of 0.65% in 2010. ONGC Corporation:- The company ranks 3rd in petroleum Exploration Production industry. It produces 803 Million Metric Tones of crude and 485 Billion Cubic Meters of Natural Gas from 111 fields. It is the biggest multinational company with 40 oil and gas projects in 15 countries. The company earned Rs. 20,000 corer with net profit margin of 34% in 2010. NGC holds the largest share of hydrocarbon in India contributes over 79% of Indians oil and gas production. Distribution channel of the industry The petroleum distribution segment is rapidly adopting different kinds of supply chain solution. From crude oil selection to petroleum product distribution at the retail outlet it is chain with many links. The refining margins, the lead time associated with fundamental functions like product trading and crude buying unpredictability in oil prices make the entire process challenging. Implementation of these solution on a wide spread installations, however, is what the world is watching, as vast petroleum companies fight to chain the business. The petroleum industry has a vital need for both integration and implementation skills for taking the best value out of the differ distribution channel available. Underground, the gas station is quite modern. The tanks for super unleaded and for regular (the midgrade fuel) are larger than the normal tanks. Each tank is equipped with an electronic level check that conveys real time information about its status through a cable to the stations management system and then to the main inventory management system for the oil company whose products the gas station markets. The travels from the distribution channel push to demand pull is taking place in the section, where once the challenge was in getting the best deals on buying crude, the focus is shifting to give customer what he wants. The petroleum business is separated into refining and distribution segments. The focuses more on the distribution segment. There is a specific change to focus in the industry toward the distribution segment. The big oil companies have started monitoring the inventories of crude oil or any other petroleum products. The issues at the refining level are: which products to make in what quantity? Which crude to use? Which units to run? While the issues at the customer facing end or at the gas station are basic, namely run outs refines. The important functions within the distribution channel are optimization across alternative means of transportation, demand forecasting, replenishment method to avoid retains/run outs finally scheduling, which sequences the dispatch. Marketing and Distribution of Petroleum Products in India:- The public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) which include Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) are primarily responsible for the marketing and distribution of petroleum products in India. With the opening of retail sector for the private players, Shell, Essar and Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) have also entered the retail marketing related to petroleum products. The marketing and distribution infrastructure in the petroleum sector include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distributorships, petrol/diesel stations, lubricants and greases outlets IOCL is the market leader in terms of marketing and distribution of petroleum products. Retail outlets in India:- The number of retail outlets (ROs) in India has increased from 31,650 in April 2006 to 40,819 in January 2011. IOCL has the widest network of ROs across India with 19,057 ROs as in January 2011. The number of LPG distributors in India has increased to 9,686 as in 2010 from 6,477 in 20011. Indias Navratna oil marketing companies Indian Oil, BPCL and HPCL- are set to report another quarter of heavy losses as they have failed to get compensation from the government for selling fuels below cost. The three oil marketing companies (OMCs) sell diesel, LPG for domestic use and kerosene through public distribution system at prices that are substantially below their costs, in accordance with the permission of their majority shareholder. In return, a small part of their losses is made good by discounts from upstream like ONGC and Oil India. The larger share of losses is made good by the government. During the June 12 quarter, the three oil marketers together had posted an unique net loss of .Rs40,536 corer as the dues from government did not arrive. The company is expecting most of the demand for Piped natural gas to come from domestic and commercial consumer sector. Limitation on subsidized LPG cylinders is expected to be a boon for its Piped natural gas business. Consumers might come forward to get a Piped natural gas connection as its rates would be economical compared to LPG cylinders. The running cost of Piped natural gas would be about 10 percent less than the cost of LPG. Piped natural gas is safer and more eco-friendly fuel for the user. As oil marketing companies move advance forcefully to decrease their distribution channels for LPG cylinders, the next few months will certainly prove trying for consumers. Currently, oil companies in India are going through a tough task of maintaining positive margins in a very unstable market of crude prices and increasing distribution cost. Oil companies also need to be prepared for active pricing scenarios for the coming future. Hence, the immediate need is to have a complete real time visibility of sales and inventory for perfect demand forecasts. Integration of different systems and different data to provide single consistent view and information to the oil company management thus forming a strong foundation for effective decision making. Key issues and current trends Issues in petroleum industries:- The global economy is a dynamic and ever-growing one in spite of the high cost of energy. This in turn is forging the demand for petrochemicals. The strong growth in demand is not backed by a sufficient supply so the cost is still to come down. Operating rates of major petrochemical product segments are very high presently. Problems faced by the India petrochemical industry:- The manufacturing units mostly use outdated format of technology and are not able to produce optimally There is a requirement for the modernization of equipments Excise duty on synthetic fiber should be rationalized Anticipation of reservation on Small Scale Units Plastic waste to be recycled and the littering habits to be discouraged India requires advantage on feedstock, so the import cost has to be brought down The industry should have access to the primary amenities of infrastructure One of the big issues is the difficulty in predicting the advance price, which will succeed in the market in the future months. Some indications are of course available with the futures prices prevailing in the exchanges. Some companies hedge their margins or crude prices by doing paper trading. The forward price is a vital input in the optimization process and can actually make the model for a particular product maximization based on its price. Current trends in petroleum industry Petroleum has proven to be the most flexible fuel source ever discovered, situated at the core of the modern industrial economy. While the industry is strong, it is subject to some very significant stresses:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industry consolidation (24 mergers and acquisitions since 1997) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global industrial expansion resulting in increased petroleum demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight supplies of economically extractable oil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political instability and terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High per-barrel price that accelerates development of alternative energies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Safety and the need to protect workers in hostile environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Speed required to establish a presence in new markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need to spread infrastructure risk among competitors These stressors are causing oil companies to change the way they do business. From their cooperation with competitors to their massive investments in technology, from a renewed focus on safety and the environment to serious investigation of alternative fuels, these firms are reshaping the industry. How they manage these changes also influences how they view their real estate holdings and how they house the scientists and engineers who play a vital role in this transformation. The challenges oil and gas companies face are having a significant impact on how they view their real estate holdings and what kind of workplaces they provide their employees. These are important issues since many companies in this sector have vast real estate holdings. More and more these companies are managing these holdings from an enterprise-wide perspective, running their facilities like any other part of the business. They are realizing that facilities and furnishings can be a strategic tool for achieving the organizations business goals. That focus has several implications for the workplace. Petroleum includes all petroleum-based products, such as gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, refined cleaners, and solvents. Organizations involved in upstream (exploring and extracting) and downstream activities (refining and marketing) for these petroleum products are among some of the most profitable companies in the world. Whether they are involved in upstream or downstream activities, whether they are public corporations or state-owned companies, players in the oil industry must operate within the context of significant issues and major trends that are shaping the long-term outlook for oil. Oil companies public corporations and state and non-state-owned enterprises are faced with increasing demand for petroleum products due to global industrial expansion. On the one hand, labors to get the conservative oil (produced from underground hydrocarbon reservoirs by means of production wells) have prompted oil companies to invest ever more heavily in technology and equipment. On the other, these firms have increased investments in producing unusual oil, including oil sands, shale oil, and extra heavy crude oil, some of which require additional processing to produce artificial crude. To spread the risk of investing in costly technology, equipment, and processes firms are entering into joint-venture relationships designed to spread infrastructure risk among competitors in order for the entire industry to remain healthy. In some cases, firms have required mergers or acquisitions in order to expand resources for highly technical exploration and advanced production. . Other changes on the energy scene, particularly increasing prices for both oil and gas, are prompting several companies to take a broader view of their business. They are transforming themselves through investments in alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and fuel cell technology. The realization that alternative fuels and renewable energy technologies will play an increasingly important role as a bridge between the current focus on hydrocarbons and the clean, cheap promise of hydrogen has prompted many oil companies to invest heavily in these areas. Using technology to boost productivity The technology that oil companies provide their employees is principal perimeter, especially where operational efficiencies can be obtained. Management requires solid standard metrics in order to justify investing in technology. India has steadily established itself in the core of the international production of petrochemical and petrochemical related products in the present state of affairs. With the economic growth cycle slowing down in the United States, the Asian developing nations, especially India, would preferably stand in the global petrochemical market as a producer of these products. This is one of the major challenges facing India petrochemical industry. PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental component of  strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting strategic analysis and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. Political:- Political factors are degree to government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor   law, law, trade, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also consist of goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does not want to be provided. Besides, governments have great authority on the health education, and infrastructure of   a nation. Economical:- Economic factors include growth, interest, exchange  and the inflation. These factors have major impacts on how businesses run and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms  cost of  capital and therefore to what degree a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social:- Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness,  population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an old population may imply a smaller and less willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Moreover; companies may change a variety of management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological:- Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can find out  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. In addition, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Environmental:- Environmental factors include weather, climate. Additionally, increasing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer it is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal:- Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, employment law, and health. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Conclusion Crude oil is one of the most necessitated worldwide required commodities. Any smallest amount fluctuation in crude oil prices can have both direct and indirect pressure on the economy of the countries. The instability of crude oil prices group many companies away. Therefore, prices have been regularly and closely monito